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well with experiment; the calculated post-shock "T s are,
Reflected-Shock Technique for Studying Fast Chemical Re-
in general, within a few K of the temperature increases
actions. J. Chem. Phys. 33: 307
obtained with the CO-emission technique. In general, the
Brabbs TA, Belles FE (1972) Experimental Study of Effects of
nonideal effects are greatest at lower pressures and higher
Laminar Boundary Layers on Chemical-Kinetic Measure-
temperatures. Since the temperature increase cannot re- ments in a Shock Tube. In: Shock Tube Research, Proceed-
alistically be measured during every experiment, the re- ings of the Eighth International Shock Tube Symposium.
flected-shock model can be used, with confidence, in pre- Chapman and Hall, London, p 24
Chang AY, Rea EC Jr, Hanson RK (1987) Temperature Mea-
dicting the nonideal conditions behind the reflected shock
surements in Shock Tubes Using a Laser-Based Absorption
wave.
Technique. App. Optics 26: 885
In the final section, the effects of increasing test tem-
Ciezki H, Adomeit G (1990) Shock-Tube Investigation of the
perature and pressure on chemistry measurements in the
Ignition Delay on n-Heptane/Air-Mixtures in a High Pres-
HPST were evaluated. Calculations using a chemical ki-
sure Shock Tube under Conditions Relevant to Diesel-
netics model of H2 O2 combustion demonstrated that a
Engine Combustion. In: Kim YW (ed) Current Topics
positive dT/dt influences the chemistry to a greater extent
in Shock Waves, 17th International Symposium on Shock
when the reaction times are longer than approximately
Waves and Shock Tubes. American Institute of Physics,
300 500 µs. Therefore, proper experimental design should
New York, pp 707 712
focus on reactions that occur within the first few hundred
Davidson DF, Chang AY, DiRosa MD, Hanson RK (1993) A
microseconds. If nonideal effects cannot be avoided, the
CW Laser Absorption Diagnostic for Methyl Radicals. J.
accompanying kinetics analysis using a detailed mecha-
Quan. Spec. Rad. Tran. 49: 559
nism can be performed for a specified dT/dt and dP/dt Davidson DF, Hanson RK (1996) Real Gas Corrections in
prior to comparison with the nonideal data. Separate cal- Shock Tube Studies at High Pressures. Israel J. Chem. 36:
321.
culations indicate the reduction of laser absorption data
for at least two key species, OH (306 nm) and CH3 Davidson DF, Roehrig M, Petersen EL, DiRosa MD, Hanson
RK (1996) Measurements of the OH A-X (0,0) 306 nm Ab-
(216 nm), requires little, if any, correction for the chang-
sorption Bandhead at 60 atm and 1735 K. J. Quan. Spec.
ing absorption coefficient since the impact on the mole
Rad. Tran. 55: 755
fraction inferred from Beer s Law is minimal. In contrast,
Davidson DF, Bates R, Petersen EL, Hanson RK (1998) Shock
species profiles obtained via ir emission are much more
Tube Measurements of the Equation of State of Argon. Int.
sensitive to changes in T and P , so the data should be
J. Thermophys. 19: 1585.
compensated accordingly.
Fishburne E S, Bergbauer DM, Edse R (1964) Chemical Ki-
netics and the Reflected Shock Wave. Phys. Fluids 7: 1391
Flower WL (1976) Experimental Study of Nitric Oxide-
Acknowledgements. The Department of Energy, the Office of Hydrogen Reaction Kinetics. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of
Naval Research, and the Army Research Office supported the Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University
work at Stanford University. The authors wish to thank Dr. Frenklach M, Wang H, Goldenberg M, Smith G P, Golden
David Davidson and Ronald Bates (Stanford) for assistance on DM, Bowman CT, Hanson RK, Gardiner WC, Lissianski V
the shock tube experiments and John Herbon (Stanford) for (1995) GRI-Mech An optimized Detailed Reaction Mech-
reviewing the manuscript and calculations. The preparation anism for Methane Combustion. GRI Topical Report No.
of this manuscript and the theoretical calculations were per- GRI-95/0058
420 E.L. Petersen, R.K. Hanson: Nonideal effects behind reflected shock waves
Fujii N, Koshi M, Ando H, Asaba T (1979) Evaluation of Outa E, Tajima K, Hayakawa K (1975) Shock Tube Flow In-
Boundary-Layer Effects in Shock-Tube Studies of Chem- fluenced by Diaphragm Opening (Two-Dimensional Flow
ical Kinetics. Int. J. Chem. Kin. 11: 285 Near the Diaphragm). In: Modern Developments in Shock
Gaydon AG, Hurle IR (1963) The Shock Tube in High- Tube Research, Proceedings of the Tenth International
Temperature Chemical Physics. Reinhold, New York Shock Tube Symposium. pp 312 319
Guinee MJ, Hewitt FA, Fussey DF, Milton BE, Palmer Parkinson WH, Nicholls RW (1960) Spectroscopic Tempera-
TF (1980) The Formation of Oxides of Nitrogen from ture Measurements in a Shock Tube Using CN as a Ther-
CH4/O2/N2 Mixtures. In: Shock Tubes and Waves, Pro- mometric Molecule. Can. J. Phys. 38: 715
ceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Shock Petersen EL (1998) A Shock Tube and Diagnostics for Chem-
Tubes and Waves. The Magnes Press, Jerusalem, pp 495 istry Measurements at Elevated Pressures with Application
502 to Methane Ignition. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechan-
Hanson RK, Baganoff D (1970) Reflection of a Shock Wave ical Engineering, Stanford University
into a Density Gradient. AIAA J. 8: 805 Presley LL, Hanson RK (1969) Numerical Solutions of Re-
Hanson RK (1971) Shock Wave Reflexion in a Relaxing Gas. flected Shock-Wave Flowfields with Nonequilibrium Chem-
J. Fluid Mech. 45: 721 ical Reactions. AIAA J. 7: 2267
Hayashi AK, Goto M (1990) Low Temerature Ignition of N- Rea EC Jr, Salimian S, Hanson RK (1984) Rapid-Tuning
Butane in a Tailored Condition behind a Reflected Shock Frequency-Doubled Ring Dye Laser for High Resolution
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