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measurement, 128, 129 compared to economic
taxation and, 27 variables, 20, 165
in theory of income inequality, 80 direct effect of, 138
immigration effect via economic variables
as influence on pre-redistribution and, 165
inequality, 115 116, 133, 144, indirect effect of, 149
152, 159 macro politics model and, 80
as influence on redistribution, 108 via market conditioning and
logic of industrialism and, 108 redistribution compared, 152,
redistributive policy and, 108 155
in-kind benefits as mechanism of societal
distributional effects of, 24 influence, 165, 172
income measurement and, 26, 94, power resources theory and, 81
163, 180, 181 simulation of, 158
Medicare, 33 total effect of, 138, 139, 147
income concepts via market conditioning and
money income, see money income redistribution compared, 166
post-government, see influence of public opinion on
post-government income indirect effect of, 138, 141,
posttax post-transfer, see 142, 149
post-government income as mechanism of popular
pre-redistribution, see control, 168
pre-redistribution income total effect of, 158, 169
pretax pre-transfer, see influence of public policy on
pre-redistribution income macro policy and, 126 128
income inequality macro politics model and, 123
contemporary United States, 4 9 marginal changes and, 126
in comparative perspective, 7 9 mechanisms of impact and, 23,
government impact on, 36 48 125, 134
Index 195
micro policy and, 126, 127 income share, top 5 percent,
permanence of effect of, 134 10, 11
power resources theory and, pre-redistribution, 95, 97
124, 125 two stages of distributional
question introduced, 23 process, 165
unemployment and, 142
theoretical implications of, 164
welfare state theory and, 14, 15
macro politics model and, 13, 14,
income tax, see taxes, income
80, 138, 141, 168, 169, 173
indirect effects
market conditioning and, 19, 41,
calculation of, 144, 145
42, 158
causal ordering and, 143
marriage tax penalty and, 58
defined, 137, 143
measurement of, 88, 89, 179
of feedback loop, 154
mechanisms of government impact
of higher order effects of policy, 29
on, 20, 163, 165, 167
of party control of presidency,
political disagreement over
152, 155, 167
distributional preferences
of political factors on
and, 74
redistribution, 140
government action and, 67,
of politics on inequality, 137,
74, 76
142, 155
power resources theory and
of politics on pre-redistribution
mechanisms of impact and, 15
inequality, 152
previous tests of, 87, 88, 90
of public opinion, 158
role of class, 123
inflation, 3, 72, 73
theoretical foundations, 81, 82,
85, 86, 89, 125
theoretical model, 15
job training, 19, 127
simulation of post-government
Johnson, Lyndon B.
inequality, 159
Great Society and, 130
size of welfare state and, 167
Medicare and, 31
social welfare programs and, 12
pre-redistribution inequality
theoretical model of, 101
and, 99
economic theories and, 141
redistribution and, 100
implications of, 101, 170
simulated distributional impact of
introduced, 12, 16, 17
presidency, 156, 158 160
macro politics model and,
judicial branch, 121
127, 169
policy liberalism in, 130
Kennedy, John F., 99, 100
power resources and, 89, 90, 98
Kennedy, Senator Ted, 63
power resources theory and,
169
total effect of explanatory labor market
variables on, 151 as intervening variable, 150
total effect of politics on, 156 logic of industrialism thesis
trends in United States, 9 12 and, 108
future, 170 172 market conditioning and the,
Gini, 9, 10 41 43, 45
196 Index
labor market (cont.) predictions of, 81, 122, 132
in models of inequality, 138 public opinion and, 141, 168
power resources theory and, 90 theoretical relevance of, 12 14
reduction in work effort, 140 market conditioning
variables related to, 114, 115 defined, 18
labor unions
economic opportunity and, 168
collective bargaining and, 83
examples of, 40 48, 172
direct and indirect effects on
impact compared with
income inequality, 142
redistribution, 116, 152,
as economic power resource, 15,
156 158, 166 168
16, 18, 82, 83
impact on redistribution, 155, 168
influence on election
introduced, 18 19
outcomes, 125
macro policy and, 127
in model of pre-redistribution
measurement, 134
inequality, 115, 133, 134, 138,
as mechanism of impact on
144, 151, 152, 154
inequality, 125, 138, 139, 167,
power resources theory and, 15,
172
85, 88, 125
political disagreement about,
laws (see also legislation)
76, 92
gay marriage, 54
power resources theory and
as measure of public policy, 126,
analysis of inequality, 111, 115
128, 129, 134
extension to market inequality,
property, 56
89, 98, 125, 169
in simulation of distributional
public policy and
outcomes, 159
predicted impact of, 125,
tax, 181
130, 133
legislation (see also laws)
short term impact of, 134
education policy, 44
mechanisms pf distributional impact
marriage tax penalty, 54, 58, 62,
explicit redistribution, see
63, 65
redistribution market
as measure of public policy, 128
conditioning, see market
Levin, Congressman Sander, 61
conditioning
Luxembourg Income Study, 8,
median income, 149
87, 181
median voter, 92
Medicaid, 34 36, 95
Medicare, 24, 28, 39, 95, 108
macro politics model
benefits as income source,
described, 80, 119, 121, 122
176, 180
empirical support for, 169
description of benefits, 33
extended to distributional
distributional impact of, 31 34,
outcomes, 122 124, 164, 169
36, 38 40, 45
introduced, 12
first-order effect of, 25
macro policy and, 126, 127
model of distributional outcomes higher-order effect of, 25, 33, 45
and, 16 17, 80, 138, 141 marriage tax penalty debate and,
power resources theory and, 59, 61
122, 123 money income and, 26
Index 197
payroll taxes, 28 power resources theory and, 15,
valuation of benefits, 33 17, 128
money income, 5, 95
as indicator of lower class
defined, 5
power resources, 123,
distribution of, 6, 25
125, 127
limitations of income concept, 25,
macro politics model and,
26, 93, 163, 177
123, 124
measurement, 5, 178, 179
predicted influence on
redistribution, 84, 88, 123
Social Democracy, 87
Nixon, Richard, 2, 99, 100
theoretical model of distributional
No Child Left Behind, 44
outcomes and, 16
noncash transfers, see in-kind
benefits welfare spending and, 86
party control of presidency
as influence on distributional
partisanship
outcomes, 99, 158 160
class-based differences, 128
as influence on pre-redistribution
disagreement over distributional [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]